There are a few different kinds of Golpe, which are ways to strike the guitar with your nail or your hand for a percussive effect.
When a piece/song/dance changes key or tempo at the end we call the the Macho. For example, the Tangos are the macho of Tientos and the Rumba is the Macho of Tangos.
What is a Llamada? This is one of the trickier terms in flamenco, but you'll start to recognize them once you know what to look for.
Introduction to the Llamada in Alegrias.